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Identify which deterioration mechanism (texture, microbiology or chemistry) limits the shelf life of a given product.
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Explain the mechanism of staling: starch gelatinisation, amylose and amylopectin retrogradation, and moisture migration from crumb to crust.
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Measure staling with crumb firmness and sensory evaluation, and interpret the results over time.
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Select and dose anti-staling enzymes (fungal and maltogenic amylases, intermediate-thermostable amylases, lipases, xylanases), and recognise the risks of overdosing, such as gummy crumb.
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Combine enzymes with emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and humectants into an effective anti-staling strategy for bread and cake.
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Control microbial spoilage using water activity, pH, preservatives and clean-label alternatives, packaging and MAP.
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Prevent moisture migration and oxidation in crisp and composite products, for example with aw matching of fillings.
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Design a shelf-life test protocol for their own product, and distinguish model predictions from trial results.